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化学笔记 (A Chemist's Digest)

　

测不准的电子轨迹: 富顺(5年)-康定(3年)-丹巴(2年)-康定(8年)-成都(4年)-北京(1年)-成都(2.5年)-香港(4.5年)-洛杉矶(1.5年)-香港(?年) Email: luweiweilu@gmail.com 用Firefox可以更好地浏览此化学笔记

文章

Time to Improve Your Vocabulary

New Words for 2006


For those who feel the need to improve their vocabulary


TESTICULATING
Waving your arms around and talking bollocks.

BLAMESTORMING
Sitting around in a group, discussing why a deadline was missed or a project failed, and who was responsible.

SEAGULL MANAGER
A manager, who flies in, makes a lot of noise, craps on everything, and then leaves.

ASSMOSIS
The process by which people seem to absorb success and advancement by sucking up to the boss rather than working hard.

SALMON DAY
The experience of spending an entire day swimming upstream only to get screwed and die.

CUBE FARM
An office filled with cubicles.

PRAIRIE DOGGING
When someone yells or drops something loudly in a cube farm, and people's heads pop up over the walls to see that's going on (This also applies to applause for a promotion because there may be cake.)

SITCOMs
Single Income, Two Children, Oppressive Mortgage. What yuppies turn into when they have children and one of them stops working to stay home with the kids or start a "home business".

SINBAD
Single working girls. Single income, no boyfriend and desperate.

STRESS PUPPY
A person who seems to thrive on being stressed out and whiny.

PERCUSSIVE MAINTENANCE
The fine art of whacking the crap out of an electronic device to get it to work again.

ADMINISPHERE
The rarefied organisational layers beginning just above the rank and file. Decisions that fall from the "adminisphere" are often profoundly inappropriate or irrelevant to the problems they were designed to solve. This is often affiliated with the dreaded "administrivia" - needless paperwork and processes.

404
Someone who's clueless. From the World Wide Web error message "404 Not Found," meaning that the requested document could not be
located.

OHNOSECOND
That minuscule fraction of time in which you realize that you've just made a BIG mistake ( e.g. you've hit 'reply all').

GOING FOR A McSHIT
Entering a fast food restaurant with no intention of buying food, you're just going to the bog. If challenged by a pimply staff member your declaration to them that you'll buy their food afterwards is known as a McShit with Lies.

AEROPLANE BLONDE
One who has bleached/dyed her hair but still has a 'black box'.

AUSSIE KISS
Similar to a French Kiss, but given down under.

BEER COAT
The invisible but warm coat worn when walking home after a booze cruise at 3am.

BEER COMPASS
The invisible device that ensures your safe arrival home after booze cruise, even though you're too drunk to remember where you live, how you got here, and where you've come from.

GREYHOUND
A very short skirt, only an inch from the hare.

MILLENNIUM DOMES
The contents of a Wonderbra, i.e. extremely impressive when viewed from the outside, but there's actually naught in there worth seeing.

MONKEY BATH
A bath so hot, that when lowering yourself in, you go:"Oo!Oo!Oo! Aa!Aa!Aa!".

MYSTERY BUS
The bus that arrives at the pub on Friday night while you're in the toilet after your 10th pint, and whisks away all the unattractive people so the pub is suddenly packed with stunners when you
come back in.

MYSTERY TAXI
The taxi that arrives at your place on Saturday morning before you wake up, whisks away the stunner you slept with, and leaves a 10-Pinter in your bed instead.

PICASSO BUM
A woman whose knickers are too small for her, so she looks like she's got four buttocks.

SALAD DODGER
An excellent phrase for an overweight person.

SWAMP-DONKEY
A deeply unattractive person.

TART FUEL
Bottled premixed spirits, regularly consumed by young women.

- 作者： Reuben 2006年11月25日, 星期六 11:53　 回复（1） |　 引用（0） 加入博采

Chuck Norris, My Hero!


Top ten facts about Chuck Norris:

  1. Guns don't kill people. Chuck Norris kills People. 

  2. There is no theory of evolution. Just a list of animals Chuck Norris allows to live.

  3. Chuck Norris does not sleep. He waits.  

  4. The chief export of Chuck Norris is Pain.  

  5. There is no chin under Chuck Norris' Beard. There is only another fist.  

  6. Chuck Norris has two speeds. Walk, and Kill.  

  7. The leading causes of death in the United States are: 1. Heart Disease 2. Chuck Norris 3. Cancer  

  8. Chuck Norris drives an ice cream truck covered in human skulls.  

  9. Chuck Norris is my Homeboy.  

  10. Chuck Norris doesn't go hunting.... CHUCK NORRIS GOES KILLING.


Smile at  http://www.chucknorrisfacts.com/

- 作者： Reuben 2006年11月14日, 星期二 13:50　 回复（0） |　 引用（0） 加入博采

2006年度最佳文章－化学类

45_44/2006 “Sulflower”: A New Form of Carbon Sulfide

(Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2006， 45， 7367)

The bloom of a sunflower is used to describe the highly symmetric planar structure of octathio[8]circulene, whose trivial name “sulflower” derives from sulfur and flower (see cover picture). In their Communication on page 7367 ff., V. G. Nenajdenko and co-workers describe the synthesis and characterization of sulflower, a molecule that can be considered as a new form of carbon sulfide and as an oligothiophene, that is, as both inorganic and organic. (Background picture: “Sunflowers” by Vincent van Gogh. Copyright: Neue Pinakothek, Munich.)




Konstantin Yu. Chernichenko, Viktor V. Sumerin, Roman V. Shpanchenko, Dr., Elizabeth S. Balenkova, Prof. Dr., Valentine G. Nenajdenko, Prof. Dr. *
Department of Chemistry, Moscow State University, Leninskiye Gory, 119992 Moscow, Russia, Fax: (+7) 495-932-8846
email: Valentine G. Nenajdenko (nen@acylium.chem.msu.ru)


Dream Molecule:
 
Molecular formula: C16S8
8-fold rotational symmetry

Chemistry is a chimera of science and art:

Left: Sunflowers by Vincent van Gogh (Copyright, Neue Pinakothek, Munich). Right: Types of annulated oligothiophenes: sulflower (1), linear 2, helical 3, and circulenic 4.

Oriented by theoretical calculation:

Calculated strain and geometries for fully thiophenic circulenes (n=number of thiophene rings). S yellow, C gray.

Concise and dream-like synthetical route:

Synthesis of circulene 1 from tetrathiophene 5 via polythiole 6 (n=1). Reagents and conditions: a) LDA (16 equiv), sulfur (16 equiv), room temperature, 24 h; b) aq. HCl; c) vacuum pyrolysis.

Unambiguous structural determination:


Packing of sulflower (1) molecules in the unit cell. S yellow, C white.


- 作者： Reuben 2006年11月10日, 星期五 18:41　 回复（2） |　 引用（0） 加入博采

Culturing Hepatitis C
http://www.the-scientist.com/article/daily/24827/

An unusual HCV strain opens the pathogen's entire life cycle to scrutiny.
The hepatitis C virus is a single-stranded, positive-sense, RNA virus that is roughly 50nm in size. The discovery of a highly virulent strain opened the door to more sophisticated study.


Hepatitis C virus (HCV) has been difficult to study since its discovery in 1989; its unculturable status left researchers with a narrow view of the viral life cycle. But the discovery a few years ago of a highly infectious HCV strain (JFH-1) by Takaji Wakita's lab, then at Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Neuroscience, raised the possibility of developing a robust cell culture system. JFH-1 was a huge find, says Frank Chisari, from Scripps Research Institute, and Wakita gladly shared it.

The race to develop an efficient cell culture system with JFH-1 was a short one, and in the Hot Papers featured here, several labs showed that JFH-1 could produce high levels of infectious particles in vitro. Chisari's lab demonstrated that JFH-1 could be cultured in human hepatoma Huh-7-dervied cell lines. 1 In a different approach, Charles Rice's group at Rockefeller University cultured chimeras of JFH-1 to high levels, showing that the resulting virus particles could be neutralized with HCV antibody. 2 In a third paper, Ralf Bartenschlager's group at University of Heidelberg, in collaboration with Wakita, now at the National Institute of Infectious Diseases in Tokyo, replicated large amounts of JFH-1, and for the first time viewed the virions by immunoelectron microscopy. 3

With HCV persistently infecting 170 million people worldwide and causing liver disease in many, the cell culture systems promised to speed HCV research. "It was like going from virtually nothing to a workable system for genetics, cell biology, and drug screening," says Rice. In the time since, the systems have spread through the field, as researchers hurry to experiment with viral entry, assembly, and release.


Wide Open Possibilities
Thomas Baumert, an HCV researcher at the University of Freiburg, says the entire field was "waiting for this long sought after cell culture system, since we could now do functional genomics, test new vaccine approaches, and analyze the whole life cycle." Such wide open possibilities spurred Baumert to set up a JFH-1-based system in his own lab, where infection rates were found to be about "100-fold higher than all previous systems."

One of the first things Bartenschlager's lab did with such high infection rates was to create luciferase reporter viruses. This allowed them to quantify early steps of the HCV life cycle with authentic viral particles and to show that different chimeric viruses seem to use a conserved mode of entry. 4 An explosion of such work is just on the horizon, says Chisari, whose lab is now working to modify the HCV culture system to produce persistent infections. "Most infections are chronic in the vast majority of patients," says Chisari, "so we want to maintain infections continuously in tissue culture to study how the virus adapts."


Data derived from the Science Watch/Hot Papers database and the Web of Science (Thomson Scientific, Philadelphia) show that Hot Papers are cited 50 to 100 times more often than the average paper of the same type and age.

J. Zhong et al., "Robust hepatitis C virus infection in vitro," Proc Natl Acad Sci, 102:9294-9, June 28, 2005. (Cited in 83 papers) | [PubMed]
B.D. Lindenbach et al., "Complete replication of hepatitis C virus in cell culture," Science, 309:623-6, July 22, 2005. (Cited in 88 papers) | [PubMed]
T. Wakita et al., "Production of infectious hepatitis C virus in tissue culture from a cloned viral genome," Nat Med, 11:791-6, July 2005. (Cited in 97 papers) | [PubMed]


Rice says his lab is also using the system "24/7," in particular looking into its biological relevance. Before the discovery of JFH-1, HCV researchers could infect chimpanzees with various HCV strains, but they either didn't replicate in cell culture or they replicated but without producing infectious virus. Rice's lab recently showed that virus produced in cell culture can establish long-term infections in chimpanzees and that re-isolated virus was still highly infectious when returned to cell culture. 5 "This underpins the exceptional properties of this [JFH-1] isolate," says Bartenschlager, "since normally when isolates from patients are put into cell culture, it's hard to measure anything."


"Ideally we still want to work with natural isolates of any type at some point." - Charles Rice


An Oddity
Yet the unique properties of JFH-1 leave room for criticisms of the culture systems, says Stanley Lemon at the University of Texas Medical Branch. JFH-1 was isolated from a patient with fulminant hepatitis C - a rare form of the disease with rapid onset - and its unusual infectivity does raise questions about whether findings can be applied to other HCV isolates. Moreover, "JFH-1 is genotype 2a, and the real medical problem is with genotype 1 viruses which are more prevalent," says Lemon. Chisari, Rice, and Bartenschlager all agree. While chimeras between JFH-1 and genotype 1 viruses can help solve this problem, "ideally we still want to work with natural isolates of any type at some point," says Rice.

Despite the caveats, these culture systems do open the search for new therapeutics. An HCV replicon system, created in 1999, allowed for the study of RNA replication. "Most of the HCV drugs currently in clinical or preclinical phase are polymerase or protease inhibitors tested with the replicon system," says Chao Lin from Vertex Pharmaceuticals, whose own drug, VX-950, an inhibitor of HCV NS3-4A protease, was tested in this way. "But with the new systems you can start to test for HCV entry, fusion, or assembly inhibitors," says Lin.

Nevertheless, all the developments in HCV cell culture systems point to one crucial question: Why is JFH-1 so infectious? Answers are only speculative at this point, but "there is a big race on to find out what is special about this 2a isolate," says Rice. The answer could reveal a good deal about why some HCV strains remain uncultured.

dsecko@the-scientist.com


References
1. J. Zhong et al., "Robust hepatitis C virus infection in vitro," Proc Natl Acad Sci, 102:9294-9, 2005. (Cited in 83 papers) | [PubMed]
2. B.D. Lindenbach et al., "Complete replication of hepatitis C virus in cell culture," Science, 309:623-6, 2005. (Cited in 88 papers) | [PubMed]
3. T. Wakita et al., "Production of infectious hepatitis C virus in tissue culture from a cloned viral genome," Nat Med, 11:791-6, 2005. (Cited in 97 papers) | [PubMed]
4. G. Koutsoudakis et al., "Characterization of the early steps of hepatitis C virus infection by using luciferase reporter viruses," J Virol, 80:5308-20, June 2006. | [PubMed]
5. B.D. Lindenbach et al., "Cell culture-grown hepatitis C virus is infectious in vivo and can be recultured in vitro," Proc Natl Acad Sci, 103:3805-9, March 7, 2006. | [PubMed]


- 作者： Reuben 2006年11月1日, 星期三 09:03　 回复（0） |　 引用（0） 加入博采

笑死我了


假如徐志摩是广东人 (普通话粤语对照）

《再别康桥》 　　　　　　　《拜拜剑桥》

轻轻地我走了， 　　　　　　我静静鸡散水，
正如我轻轻地来； 　　　　　就好似我静静鸡咁过嚟；
我轻轻地招手， 　　　　　　我静静鸡yaap手，
作别西天的云彩。 　　　　　同D云讲声“系噉先喇，喂”
那河畔的金柳， 　　　　　　河边嗰D金柳，
是夕阳中的新娘； 　　　　　好似个新娘喺黄昏晒太阳；
波光里的艳影， 　　　　　　反映喺水上面个姣样，
在我的心头荡漾。 　　　　　搞到我个心系度卜卜跳。

（以下数段从略） 　　　　　（以下几段悭番）

但我不能放歌， 　　　　　　但我唔可以唱K，
悄悄是别离的笙箫， 　　　　讲拜拜嗰支笛衰咗；
夏虫也为我沉默， 　　　　　热天的昆虫都为我收声，
沉默是今晚的康桥！ 　　　　剑桥今晚真喺哑咗！
悄悄的我走了, 　　　　　　 我静静鸡散水，
正如我悄悄的来， 　　　　　就好似我静静鸡咁过嚟；
我挥一挥衣袖， 　　　　　　我拍拍箩柚，
不带走一片云彩。 　　　　　一啲云都毋拎，嫌重得滞。


《偶然》 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　《啱啱》

我是天空里的一片云， 　　　　　　　　　　我系天上面一嚿云，
偶然投影在你的波心-- 　　　　　　　　　 个影咁啱遮住你郁郁吓嘅心--
你不必讶异， 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　你唔使问有冇搞错，
更无须欢喜-- 　　　　　　　　　　　　　 更加咪开心住--
在转瞬间消灭了踪影。 　　　　　　　　　　眨吓眼我就冇晒影咯。
你我相逢在黑夜的海上， 　　　　　　　　　我哋喺夜ma ma嘅海碰头，
你有你的，我有我的，方向；　　　　　　　 你有你嘅，我有我嘅，蒲点；
你记得也好， 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　你记得又好，
最好你忘掉， 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　最好你咪鬼记住，
在这交会时互放的光亮 。 　　　　　　　　 互相过电嗰阵几咁光猛。


《枉然》 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　《嘥心机》

你枉然用手锁着我的手， 　　　　　　　你嘥心机拉住我只手，
女人，用口擒住我的口， 　　　　　　　阿姐，仲死咁嘴我个口，
枉然用鲜血注入我的心， 　　　　　　　嘥心机啪啲血入我个心，
火烫的泪珠见证你的真， 　　　　　　　虽然滚热辣嘅眼泪几逼真。
迟了！你再不能叫死的复活， 　　　　　迟唔迟D呀！瓜咗嘅5可以比你叫翻生，
从灰土里唤起原来的神奇， 　　　　　　点叫钉咗嘅我再有高潮；
纵然上帝怜念你的过错， 　　　　　　　就算个天原谅你对我做错嘅嘢，
他也不能拿爱再交给你！ 　　　　　　　佢都唔会叫我再同你疏乎。


《别拧我，疼》 　　　　　　　　　　　 《咪meet我，痛》

“别拧我，疼，” 　　　　　　　　　　 “咪meet 我，痛呀，”
你说，微锁着眉心。 　　　　　　　　　 你话，皱皱地眉头。
那“疼”，一个精圆的半吐， 　　　　　　 嗰个“痛”字，蛊蛊惑惑咁,
在舌尖上溜 --转。 　　　　　　　　　　 喺条脷尖碌碌吓--仲Utum。
一双眼也在说话， 　　　　　　　　　　 对眼都喺度讲嘢，
睛光里漾起， 　　　　　　　　　　　　 眼神里面蒲起啲，
心泉的秘密。 　　　　　　　　　　　　 心水秘密嘢。


《梦》 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 《梦》

洒开了， 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 摊开晒，
轻纱的网， 　　　　　　　　　　　　　 仲遮咩鬼嘢，
“你在哪里？” 　　　　　　　　　　　　 “你喺边？”
“让我们死，”你说。 　　　　　　　　　 “我哋去死啦，”你讲嘢 。


- 作者： Reuben 2006年10月5日, 星期四 17:14　 回复（2） |　 引用（0） 加入博采

Something Old, Something New
  • J. Mater. Chem., 2006, 16, 3635-3639  DOI: 10.1039/b607466a

Flying-seed-like liquid crystals

Kazuchika Ohta, Tomoyuki Shibuya and Masahiro Ando

Abstract:

In 1911, Vorlärnder reported liquid-crystalline properties of unique flying-seed-like alkali metal carboxylates. They are neither rod-like nor disk-like. Moreover, they have neither a rigid core nor flexible long chains. The molecular shapes are totally different from about 93000 general liquid crystalline compounds. These flying-seed-like liquid crystals have been forgotten for about 100 years. We revealed and established for the first time from precise microscopic observations and temperature-dependent X-ray diffraction studies that sodium diphenylacetate exhibits a hexagonal columnar mesophase, and that potassium diethylacetate and potassium dimethylacetate exhibit a smectic A mesophase. These old and new flying-seed-like liquid crystals will become a novel field of science.

Introduction:

In the East, there is a proverb called Wen Gu Zhi Xin (On Ko Chi Shin). This implies that to investigate old things is to find new things. In 1888, the first liquid crystals were discovered by Reinitzer. Since then people believed for many years that liquid crystalline compounds were rod-like molecules. In 1977, Chandrasekhar et al. discovered that disk-like molecules also show liquid crystalline properties. Accordingly, in recent years people believe that liquid crystalline molecules are rod-like as chopsticks or disk-like as dishes. Actually, there are few exceptions. To date, about 93000 liquid crystalline compounds have bee reported. Generally, each of the liquid crystalline molecules consists of a strip-like or disk-like core in the centre as the rigid part and two or more than six molten long alkyl chains in the surroundings as the soft part.



Recently we noticed that about 100 years ago, in 1911, Vorländer reported some liquid crystalline compounds which are totally out of the general category mentioned above. This liquid crystalline compound has neither a rigid core nor a flexible long alkyl chain. Moreover, the molecular shape is neither rod-like nor disk-like but flying-seed-like. The photograph shows maple seeds which are abundantly seen in Shinshu University Ueda Campus from autumn to winter. They blow off from the branches and fly by rotating. Various kinds of flying seeds are seen world-wide and are very familiar to many people. We wondered whether such unique-shaped molecules really exhibit liquid crystalline properties, and what type of mesophases they show.

In the past 100 years, these flying-seed-like liquid crystals have seldom or never been investigated. As far as we know, there have been only three papers which were reported by Demus et al. and Sanesi et al. about 30 years ago.

.........................................................................................................................................

Conclusions:

Thus, we have established for the first time from temperature-dependent X-ray diffraction studies that sodium diphenylacetate (A2-Na) exhibits a hexagonal columnar mesophase (Colh), and that both potassium diethylacetate (B2-K) and potassium dimethylacetate (C2-K) exhibit a smectic A mesophase. These salts are flying-seed-like and completely different from general molecular shapes of all the conventional liquid crystalline materials, because their molecular shapes are neither rod-like nor disk-like, and because they have neither flexible long chains nor a rigid flat core. We believe that these old and new flying-seed-like mesogens will become a novel field of science.

- 作者： Reuben 2006年09月15日, 星期五 11:36　 回复（1） |　 引用（0） 加入博采